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                  <text>Medieval Manuscript Leaves</text>
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                  <text>Denison University Archives &amp; Special Collections holds 72 medieval manuscript leaves that date between **** and ****. Medieval is defined by the time period of ****-****. Manuscript is defined by the object being handwritten rather than printed.  A leaf is defined as being a single page out of a book, also sometimes called a folio.</text>
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              <text>Recto Translation: &#13;
&#13;
[Psalms 93:6-16]&#13;
&#13;
...murdered the fatherless. 7 And they have said: The Lord shall not see: neither shall the God of Jacob understand. 8 Understand, ye senseless among the people: and, you fools, be wise at last. 9 He that planted the ear, shall he not hear? or he that formed the eye, doth he not consider? 10 He that chastiseth nations, shall he not rebuke: he that teacheth man knowledge? 11 The Lord knoweth the thoughts of men, that they are vain. 12 Blessed is the man whom thou shalt instruct, O Lord: and shalt teach him out of thy law. 13 That thou mayst give him rest from the evil days: till a pit be dug for the wicked. 14 For the Lord will not cast off his people: neither will he forsake his own inheritance. 15 Until justice be turned into judgment: and they that are near it are all the upright in heart. 16 Who shall rise up for me against the evildoers? or who shall stand with me against...&#13;
&#13;
Verso Translation: &#13;
&#13;
[Psalms 93:16-94:1]&#13;
&#13;
...against the workers of iniquity? 17 Unless the Lord had been my helper, my soul had almost dwelt in hell. 18 If I said: My foot is moved: thy mercy, O Lord, assisted me. 19 According to the multitude of my sorrows in my heart, thy comforts have given joy to my soul. 20 Doth the seat of iniquity stick to thee, who framest labour in commandment? 21 They will hunt after the soul of the just, and will condemn innocent blood. 22 But the Lord is my refuge: and my God the help of my hope. 23 And he will render them their iniquity: and in their malice he will destroy them: the Lord our God will destroy them.&#13;
&#13;
1 Come let us praise the Lord with joy: let us joyfully sing to God our...&#13;
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              <text>Recto Transcription: &#13;
&#13;
[column A]&#13;
&#13;
-los occidérunt.&#13;
Et dixérunt: Non vidébit Dóminus, nec intélliget Deus Jacob.&#13;
Intellígite, insipiéntes in pópulo; et stulti, aliquándo sápite.&#13;
Qui plantávit aurem non áudiet? aut qui finxit óculum non consíderat?&#13;
Qui córripit gentes non árguet, qui docet hóminem sciéntiam?&#13;
Dóminus scit cogitatiónes hóminum, quóniam vanæ sunt.&#13;
Beátus homo quem&#13;
&#13;
[column B]&#13;
&#13;
tu erudíeris, Dómine, et de lege tua docúeris eum:&#13;
ut mítiges ei a diébus malis, donec fodiátur peccatóri fóvea.&#13;
Quia non repéllet Dóminus plebem suam, et hæreditátem suam non derelínquet,&#13;
Quoadúsque justítia convertátur in judícium: et qui juxta illam, omnes qui recto sunt corde.&#13;
Quis consúrget mihi advérsus malignántes? aut quis stabit mecum adv-&#13;
&#13;
Verso Transcription: &#13;
&#13;
[column A]&#13;
&#13;
-sus operántes iniquitátem?&#13;
Nisi quia Dóminus adjúvit me, paulóminus habitásset in inférno ánima mea.&#13;
Si dicébam: Motus est pes meus: misericórdia tua, Dómine, adjuvábat me.&#13;
Secúndum multitúdinem dolórum meórum in corde meo, consolatiónes tuæ lætificavérunt ánimam meam.&#13;
Numquid adhǽret tibi sedes iniquitátis, qui fingis&#13;
&#13;
[column B]&#13;
&#13;
labórem in præcépto?&#13;
Captábunt in ánimam justi, et sánguinem innocéntem condemnábunt.&#13;
Et factus est mihi Dóminus in refúgium, et Deus meus in adjutórium spei meæ.&#13;
Et reddet illis iniquitátem ipsórum, et in malítia eórum dispérdet eos: dispérdet illos Dóminus Deus noster.&#13;
Veníte, exsultémus Dómino; jubilémus Deo salutári nostro&#13;
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                <text>E0017 Leaf from a Psalter (Psalterium)</text>
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            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>Psalter</text>
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                <text>England; Late 13th Century. Latin Text; Angular Gothic Script.&#13;
&#13;
Illuminated Psalters occur as early as the 8th century, and from the 9th to the beginning of the 14th century they predominate among illuminated manuscripts. About 1220 A.D., portable manuscript volumes supplanted the huge tomes favored in the preceding century. This change in size caused the creation of a more angular and compact script. In general, smaller initial letters were used, and writing was done in double columns.&#13;
&#13;
At this time the pendant tails of the initial letters are rigid or only slightly wavy, with a few leaves springing from the ends. Later, they became free scrolls, with luxurious foliage, and were extended into all the margins. The blue and lake (orange-red) color scheme with accents of white is a carry-over from the Westminister tradition which prevailed in the previous century. The solid line-filling ornaments at the ends of the verses were a new feature added in the second half of the 13th century. Silver and alloys of gold are used on this leaf. &#13;
&#13;
The vellum of this leaf was once nearly white, but now appears dirty. The ink for the bulk of the text is brown, with blue, orange (or weak red), green, and white in the decorations. The silver has tarnished. There are dragons, foliage, flowers, and pointed ivy as marginal decorations. Illuminated initials begin each verse, and bars are placed at the end of lines to complete them when the text is too short to fill them; these lines include both geometric designs and additional dragons.&#13;
&#13;
Text: Psalms 93:6-16 (recto) and 93:16-94:1 (verso).</text>
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                <text>&lt;em&gt;Fifty Original Leaves from Medieval Manuscripts&lt;/em&gt;</text>
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                <text>Late 13th century</text>
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                <text>Item in public domain.&amp;nbsp;Description provided by Dr. Fred Porcheddu-Engel via the Otto F. Ege digital collection. &lt;a href="http://ege.denison.edu/denison_leaf_17.php"&gt;http://ege.denison.edu/denison_leaf_17.php&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                <text>Denison University Leaf 17, &lt;em&gt;Fifty Original Leaves from Medieval Manuscripts&lt;/em&gt;</text>
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                <text>E0018 Leaf from a Breviary (Breviarium)</text>
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                <text>France; Late 13th Century. Latin Text; Angular Gothic Script.&#13;
&#13;
The Breviary is one of the six official books used by the Roman Catholic Church in its liturgy. It is a book of prayer for the clergy, giving the directions for all of the various services of the Divine Hours throughout the year. The other five official books are the Pontifical, the Missal, the Ritual, the Martyrology, and the Ceremonial of the Bishops.&#13;
&#13;
The angular script in this leaf is executed with great skill and precision. The small and vigorous black initials and the hair line details found in many of the ascenders and terminal letters indicate the work of a superior calligrapher, skilled not only in writing but also in sharpening his quill. The initials and the dorsal decorations also represent the same high standard of craftsmanship. Strangely, the rubrications do not show as great a calligraphic skill. Usually it was the task of a superior scribe to insert the rubrics or directions for conducting the service.&#13;
&#13;
The leading characteristic of these leaves is the alternating red and blue scrollwork along the left margin of some of the columns. Together with the large initials (red with blue scrolling, or blue with red scrolling), the text of this otherwise limited-use book gains a special beauty. The text is written in dark black ink in two sizes, larger for readings and smaller for responses and prayers. The recto of each leaf bears a rubricated Roman numeral.&#13;
&#13;
Text: Not yet identified.</text>
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                <text>Item in public domain. Description provided by Dr. Fred Porcheddu-Engel via the Otto F. Ege digital collection. &lt;a href="http://ege.denison.edu/denison_leaf_18.php"&gt;http://ege.denison.edu/denison_leaf_18.php&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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      <name>Medieval manuscript leaf</name>
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              <text>Recto Translation: &#13;
&#13;
[3 Esdras 9:14-56]&#13;
&#13;
9: And do his will, and separate yourselves from the heathen of the land, and from the strange women. 10: Then cried the whole multitude, and said with a loud voice, Like as thou hast spoken, so will we do. 11: But forasmuch as the people are many, and it is foul weather, so that we cannot stand without, and this is not a work of a day or two, seeing our sin in these things is spread far: 12: Therefore let the rulers of the multitude stay, and let all them of our habitations that have strange wives come at the time appointed, 13: And with them the rulers and judges of every place, till we turn away the wrath of the Lord from us for this matter. 14: Then Jonathan the son of Azael and Ezechias the son of Theocanus accordingly took this matter upon them: and Mosollam and Levis and Sabbatheus helped them. 15: And they that were of the captivity did according to all these things. 16: And Esdras the priest chose unto him the principal men of their families, all by name: and in the first day of the tenth month they sat together to examine the matter. 17: So their cause that held strange wives was brought to an end in the first day of the first month. 18: And of the priests that were come together, and had strange wives, there were found: 19: Of the sons of Jesus the son of Josedec, and his brethren; Matthelas and Eleazar, and Joribus and Joadanus. 20: And they gave their hands to put away their wives and to offer rams to make reconcilement for their errors. 21: And of the sons of Emmer; Ananias, and Zabdeus, and Eanes, and Sameius, and Hiereel, and Azarias. 22: And of the sons of Phaisur; Elionas, Massias Israel, and Nathanael, and Ocidelus and Talsas. 23: And of the Levites; Jozabad, and Semis, and Colius, who was called Calitas, and Patheus, and Judas, and Jonas. 24: Of the holy singers; Eleazurus, Bacchurus. 25: Of the porters; Sallumus, and Tolbanes. 26: Of them of Israel, of the sons of Phoros; Hiermas, and Eddias, and Melchias, and Maelus, and Eleazar, and Asibias, and Baanias. 27: Of the sons of Ela; Matthanias, Zacharias, and Hierielus, and Hieremoth, and Aedias. 28: And of the sons of Zamoth; Eliadas, Elisimus, Othonias, Jarimoth, and Sabatus, and Sardeus. 29: Of the sons of Babai; Johannes, and Ananias and Josabad, and Amatheis. 30: Of the sons of Mani; Olamus, Mamuchus, Jedeus, Jasubus, Jasael, and Hieremoth. 31: And of the sons of Addi; Naathus, and Moosias, Lacunus, and Naidus, and Mathanias, and Sesthel, Balnuus, and Manasseas. 32: And of the sons of Annas; Elionas and Aseas, and Melchias, and Sabbeus, and Simon Chosameus. 33: And of the sons of Asom; Altaneus, and Matthias, and Baanaia, Eliphalet, and Manasses, and Semei. 34: And of the sons of Maani; Jeremias, Momdis, Omaerus, Juel, Mabdai, and Pelias, and Anos, Carabasion, and Enasibus, and Mamnitanaimus, Eliasis, Bannus, Eliali, Samis, Selemias, Nathanias: and of the sons of Ozora; Sesis, Esril, Azaelus, Samatus, Zambis, Josephus. 35: And of the sons of Ethma; Mazitias, Zabadaias, Edes, Juel, Banaias. 36: All these had taken strange wives, and they put them away with their children. 37: And the priests and Levites, and they that were of Israel, dwelt in Jerusalem, and in the country, in the first day of the seventh month: so the children of Israel were in their habitations. 38: And the whole multitude came together with one accord into the broad place of the holy porch toward the east: 39: And they spake unto Esdras the priest and reader, that he would bring the law of Moses, that was given of the Lord God of Israel. 40: So Esdras the chief priest brought the law unto the whole multitude from man to woman, and to all the priests, to hear law in the first day of the seventh month. 41: And he read in the broad court before the holy porch from morning unto midday, before both men and women; and the multitude gave heed unto the law. 42: And Esdras the priest and reader of the law stood up upon a pulpit of wood, which was made for that purpose. 43: And there stood up by him Mattathias, Sammus, Ananias, Azarias, Urias, Ezecias, Balasamus, upon the right hand: 44: And upon his left hand stood Phaldaius, Misael, Melchias, Lothasubus, and Nabarias. 45: Then took Esdras the book of the law before the multitude: for he sat honourably in the first place in the sight of them all. 46: And when he opened the law, they stood all straight up. So Esdras blessed the Lord God most High, the God of hosts, Almighty. 47: And all the people answered, Amen; and lifting up their hands they fell to the ground, and worshipped the Lord. 48: Also Jesus, Anus, Sarabias, Adinus, Jacubus, Sabateas, Auteas, Maianeas, and Calitas, Asrias, and Joazabdus, and Ananias, Biatas, the Levites, taught the law of the Lord, making them withal to understand it. 49: Then spake Attharates unto Esdras the chief priest. and reader, and to the Levites that taught the multitude, even to all, saying, 50: This day is holy unto the Lord; (for they all wept when they heard the law:) 51: Go then, and eat the fat, and drink the sweet, and send part to them that have nothing; 52: For this day is holy unto the Lord: and be not sorrowful; for the Lord will bring you to honour. 53: So the Levites published all things to the people, saying, This day is holy to the Lord; be not sorrowful. 54: Then went they their way, every one to eat and drink, and make merry, and to give part to them that had nothing, and to make great cheer; 55: Because they understood the words wherein they were instructed, and for the which they had been assembled.&#13;
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Here ends the third book of Esdras. Here begins the prologue of St. Jerome the Presbyter to the book of Tobit.&#13;
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Jerome to the Bishops in the Lord Cromatius and Heliodorus, health! I do not cease to wonder at the constancy of your demanding. For you demand that I bring a book written in the Chaldean language into Latin writing, indeed the book of Tobias, which the Hebrews exclude from the catalogue of Divine Scriptures, being mindful of those things which they have titled Hagiographa. I have done enough for your desire, yet not by my study. For the studies of the Hebrews rebuke us and find fault with us...&#13;
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Verso Translation: &#13;
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...to translate this for the ears of Latins contrary to their canon. But it is better to be judging the opinion of the Pharisees to displease and to be subject to the commands of bishops. I have persisted as I have been able, and because the language of the Chaldeans is close to Hebrew speech, finding a speaker very skilled in both languages, I took to the work of one day, and whatever he expressed to me in Hebrew words, this, with a summoned scribe, I have set forth in Latin words. I will be paid the price of this work by your prayers, when, by your grace, I will have learned what you request to have been completed by me was worthy.&#13;
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Here ends the prologue. Here begins the book of Tobit.&#13;
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[Tobit 1:1-2:13]&#13;
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1 Tobias of the tribe and city of Nephtali, (which is in the upper parts of Galilee above Naasson, beyond the way that leadeth to the west, having on the right hand the city of Sephet,) 2 When he was made captive in the days of Salmanasar king of the Assyrians, even in his captivity, forsook not the way of truth, 3 But every day gave all he could get to his brethren his fellow captives, that were of his kindred. 4 And when he was younger than any of the tribe of Nephtali, yet did he no childish thing in his work. 5 Moreover when all went to the golden calves which Jeroboam king of Israel had made, he alone fled the company of all, 6 And went to Jerusalem to the temple of the Lord, and there adored the Lord God of Israel, offering faithfully all his firstfruits, and his tithes, 7 So that in the third year he gave all his tithes to the proselytes, and strangers. 8 These and such like things did he observe when but a boy according to the law of God. 9 But when he was a man, he took to wife Anna of his own tribe, and had a son by her, whom he called after his own name, 10 And from his infancy he taught him to fear God, and to abstain from all sin. 11 And when by the captivity he with his wife and his son and all his tribe was come to the city of Ninive, 12 (When all ate of the meats of the Gentiles) he kept his soul and never was defiled with their meats. 13 And because he was mindful of the Lord with all his heart, God gave him favour in the sight of Salmanasar the king. 14 And he gave him leave to go whithersoever he would, with liberty to do whatever he had a mind. 15 He therefore went to all that were in captivity, and gave them wholesome admonitions. 16 And when he was come to Rages a city of the Medes, and had ten talents of silver of that with which he had been honoured by the king: 17 And when amongst a great multitude of his kindred, he saw Gabelus in want, who was one of his tribe, taking a note of his hand he gave him the aforesaid sum of money. 18 But after a long time, Salmanasar the king being dead, when Sennacherib his son, who reigned in his place, had a hatred for the children of Israel: 19 Tobias daily went among all his kindred, and comforted them, and distributed to every one as he was able, out of his goods: 20 He fed the hungry, and gave clothes to the naked, and was careful to bury the dead, and they that were slain. 21 And when king Sennacherib was come back, fleeing from Judea by reason of the slaughter that God had made about him for his blasphemy, and being angry slew many of the children of Israel, Tobias buried their bodies. 22 But when it was told the king, he commanded him to be slain, and took away all his substance. 23 But Tobias fleeing naked away with his son and with his wife, lay concealed, for many loved him. 24 But after forty-five days, the king was killed by his own sons. 25 And Tobias returned to his house, and all his substance was restored to him.&#13;
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1 But after this, when there was a festival of the Lord, and a good dinner was prepared in Tobias's house, 2 He said to his son: Go, and bring some of our tribe that fear God, to feast with us. 3 And when he had gone, returning he told him, that one of the children of Israel lay slain in the street. And he forthwith leaped up from his place at the table, and left his dinner, and came fasting to the body: 4 And taking it up carried it privately to his house, that after the sun was down, he might bury him cautiously. 5 And when he had hid the body, he ate bread with mourning and fear, 6 Remembering the word which the Lord spoke by Amos the prophet: Your festival days shall be turned into lamentation and mourning. 7 So when the sun was down, he went and buried him. 8 Now all his neighbours blamed him, saying: Once already commandment was given for thee to be slain because of this matter, and thou didst scarce escape the sentence of death, and dost thou again bury the dead? 9 But Tobias fearing God more than the king, carried off the bodies of them that were slain, and hid them in his house, and at midnight buried them. 10 Now it happened one day, that being wearied with burying, he came to his house, and cast himself down by the wall and slept, 11 And as he was sleeping, hot dung out of a swallow's nest fell upon his eyes, and he was made blind. 12 Now this trial the Lord therefore permitted to happen to him, that an example might be given to posterity of his patience, as also of holy Job. 13 For whereas he had always feared God from his infancy..&#13;
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              <text>Recto Transcription: &#13;
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cooperati sunt cum illis. Et fecerunt secundum haec omnia universi qui erant ex captivitate. Et elegit sibi viros Ezras sacerdos, principes magnos de patribus eorum secundum nomina, et consederunt novilunio mensis decimi examinare negotium istud. Et determinatum est de viris qui habebant uxores alienigenas usque ad neomenia primi mensis. Et inventi sunt ex sacerdotibus commixti qui habebant alienigenas uxores: Ex filiis Iesu filii Iosedech et fratribus eius Maseas et Eliezerus et Ioribus et Ioadeus. Et iniecerunt manus, ut expellerent uxores suas, et ad litandum in exoratione arietem pro ignorantia sua. Et ex filiis Emmeri Masseas et Esses et Ieel et Azarias. Et ex filiis Fosor Elionia, Assias, Ismahelus et Nathanaelus, Ioceddeus et Talsas. Et ex Levitis Iozabdus et Semeis et Colius et Calitas et Fatheas et Coluas et Elionas. Ex sacris cantoribus Eliasubus Zaccurus. Ex ostiariis Sallumus et Tolbanes. Et ex Israhel: ex filiis Foroos Ieremias et Ieddias et Melchias et Mielus et Eleazarus et Iemmebias et Baninas. Et ex filiis Iolam Mamthanias et Zaccharias, Iezrelus et Iobdius et Herimoth et Helias. Et ex filiis Zathom Eliadas et Eliasimus et Othias et Larimoth et Zabdus et Zebedias. Et ex filiis Bebe Iohannes et Ananias et Zabdias et Emethis. Et ex filiis Banni Olamus et Malluchus et Ieddaeus et Iasub et Asubus et Hierimoth. Et ex filiis Addin Naathus et Moosias et Calchurus et Raanas et Baseas, Mathathias et Beseel et Bonnus et Manasses. Et ex filiis Nuae Noneas et Aseas et Melchias et Sameas et Simon, Beniamin et Malchus et Marras. Et ex filiis Asom Carianeus, Mathathias et Bannus et Elifalat et Manasses et Semei. Et ex filiis Banni Ieremias et Moodias et Abramus et Ioel et Baneas et Pelias et Ionas et Marimoth et Eliasib et Mathaneus et Eliasis et Zorisas et Diaelus et Samedius et Sambris et Iosephus. Et ex filiis Nobaei Idaelus et Mathathias et Sabadus et Zetheda Sednu et Iessei Baneas. Omnes isti coniunxerunt sibi uxores alienigenas, et dimiserunt eas cum filiis. Et inhabitaverunt sacerdotes et Levitae et qui erant ex Israhel in Hierusalem et in tota regione una novilunio mensis septimi, et erant filii Israhel in commorationibus suis. Et congregata est omnis multitudo simul in aream&#13;
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quae est ab oriente portae sacrae. Et dixerunt Ezrae pontifici et lectori, ut adferret legem Moysi quae tradita est a Domino Deo Israhel. Et adtulit Ezras pontifex legem omni multitudini eorum a viro usque ad mulierem et omnibus sacerdotibus, audire legem novilunio mensis septimi. Et legebat in area quae est ante sacram portam templi a prima luce usque ad vesperam coram viris et mulieribus, et dederunt omnes sensum ad legem. Et stetit Ezras sacerdos et lector legis super ligneum tribunal quod fabricatum erat. Et steterunt ad eum Mathathias, Samus, Ananias, Azarias, Urias, Ezechias, et Balsamus ad dexteram, et ad sinistram Faldeus, Misael, Malachias, Abustassabus, Nabadias et Zaccharias et adsumpsit Ezras librum coram omni multitudine praesidebat enim in gloria in conspectu omnium. Et cum absolvisset legem, omnes recti steterunt. et benedixit Ezras Dominum Deum altissimum, Deum Sabaoth omnipotentem. Et respondit omnis populus: amen. Et elevatis susum manibus procidentes in terram adoraverunt Dominum. Iesus et Banaeus et Sarabias et Iadinus et Accubus et Sabbateus et Calites et Azarias et Ioradus et Ananias et Filias, Levitae qui docebant legem Domini et in multitudine legebant legem Domini, et praeferebant singuli eos qui intellegebant lectionem. et dixit Attarates Ezrae pontifici et lectori et Levitis qui docebant multitudinem dicens: dies hic est sanctus Domino. Et omnes flebant, cum audissent legem. Digressi ergo manducate pinguissima quaeque et bibite dulcissima quaeque et mittite munera his qui non habent. Sanctus est enim dies Domini, et nolite maesti esse, Dominus enim clarificavit vos. Et Levitae denuntiabant in publico omnibus dicentes: dies hic sanctus est, nolite maesti esse. Et abierunt omnes manducare et bibere et epulari et dare munera his qui non habent ut epulentur. Magnifice enim sunt exaltati verbis quibus edocti sunt. Et congregati sunt universi in Hierusalem, celebrare laetitiam secundum testamentum Domini Dei Israhel.&#13;
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Explicit tertium liber Esdre. Incipit prologo sancti Ieronimi presbyterii in librum Tobie.&#13;
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Cromatio et Heliodoro episcopis Hieronymus in Domino salutem. Mirari non desino exactionis vestrae instantiam. Exigitis enim, ut librum chaldeo sermone conscriptum ad latinum stilum traham, librum utique Tobiae, quem Hebraei de catalogo divinarum Scripturarum secantes, his quae Agiografa memorant manciparunt. Feci satis desiderio vestro, non tamen meo studio. Arguunt enim nos Hebraeorum studia et inputant&#13;
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nobis, contra suum canonem latinis auribus ista transferre. Sed melius esse iudicans Pharisaeorum displicere iudicio et episcoporum iussionibus deservire, institi ut potui, et quia vicina est Chaldeorum lingua serrnoni hebraico, utriusque linguae peritissimum loquacem repperiens, unius diei laborem arripui et quicquid ille mihi hebraicis verbis expressit, haec ego accito notario, sermonibus latinis exposui. Orationibus vestris mercedem huius operis conpensabo, cum gratum vobis didicero me quod iubere estis dignati conplesse.&#13;
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Explicit prologus. Incipit liber Tobie.&#13;
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Tobías ex tribu et civitáte Nephtháli (quæ est in superióribus Galilǽæ supra Naásson, post viam quæ ducit ad occidéntem, in sinístro habens civitátem Sephet) cum captus esset in diébus Salmanásar regis Assyriórum, in captivitáte tamen pósitus, viam veritátis non deséruit, ita ut ómnia quæ habére póterat, quotídie concaptívis frátribus, qui erant ex ejus génere, impertíret. Cumque esset júnior ómnibus in tribu Nephtháli, nihil tamen pueríle gessit in ópere. Dénique, cum irent omnes ad vítulos áureos quos Jeróboam fécerat rex Ísraël, hic solus fugiébat consórtia ómnium. Sed pergébat in Jerúsalem ad templum Dómini, et ibi adorábat Dóminum Deum Ísraël, ómnia primitíva sua et décimas suas fidéliter ófferens, ita ut in tértio anno prosélytis et ádvenis ministráret omnem decimatiónem. Hæc et his simília secúndum legem Dei puérulus observábat. Cum vero factus esset vir, accépit uxórem Annam de tribu sua, genuítque ex ea fílium, nomen suum impónens ei: quem ab infántia timére Deum dócuit, et abstinére ab omni peccáto. Ígitur, cum per captivitátem devenísset cum uxóre sua et fílio in civitátem Níniven cum omni tribu sua (cum omnes éderent ex cibis gentílium), iste custodívit ánimam suam, et numquam contaminátus est in escis eórum. Et quóniam memor fuit Dómini in toto corde suo, dedit illi Deus grátiam in conspéctu Salmanásar regis, et dedit illi potestátem quocúmque vellet ire, habens libertátem quæcúmque fácere voluísset. Pergébat ergo ad omnes qui erant in captivitáte, et mónita salútis dabat eis. Cum autem venísset in Rages civitátem Medórum, et ex his quibus honorátus fúerat a rege, habuísset decem talénta argénti: et cum in multa turba géneris sui Gá-&#13;
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-belum egéntem vidéret, qui erat ex tribu ejus, sub chirográpho dedit illi memorátum pondus argénti. Post multum vero témporis, mórtuo Salmanásar rege, cum regnáret Sennácherib fílius ejus pro eo, et fílios Ísraël exósos habéret in conspéctu suo, Tobías quotídie pergébat per omnem cognatiónem suam, et consolabátur eos, dividebátque unicuíque, prout póterat, de facultátibus suis: esuriéntes alébat, nudísque vestiménta præbébat, et mórtuis atque occísis sepultúram sollícitus exhibébat. Dénique cum revérsus esset rex Sennácherib, fúgiens a Judǽa plagam quam circa eum fécerat Deus propter blasphémiam suam, et irátus multos occíderet ex fíliis Ísraël, Tobías sepeliébat córpora eórum. At ubi nuntiátum est regi, jussit eum occídi, et tulit omnem substántiam ejus. Tobías vero cum fílio suo et cum uxóre suo fúgiens, nudus látuit, quia multi diligébant eum. Post dies vero quadragínta quinque occidérunt regem fílii ipsíus, et revérsus est Tobías in domum suam, omnísque facúltas ejus restitúta est ei. II. Post hæc vero, cum esset dies festus Dómini, et factum esset prándium bonum in domo Tobíæ, dixit fílio suo: Vade, et adduc áliquos de tribu nostra, timéntes Deum, ut epuléntur nobíscum. Cumque abiísset, revérsus nuntiávit ei unum ex fíliis Ísraël jugulátum jácere in platéa. Statímque exíliens de accúbitu suo, relínquens prándium, jejúnus pervénit ad corpus: tollénsque illud portávit ad domum suam occúlte, ut dum sol occubuísset, caute sepelíret eum. Cumque occultásset corpus, manducávit panem cum luctu et tremóre, mémorans illum sermónem, quem dixit Dóminus per Amos prophétam: Dies festi vestri converténtur in lamentatiónem et luctum. Cum vero sol occubuísset, ábiit, et sepelívit eum. Arguébant autem eum omnes próximi ejus, dicéntes: Jam hujus rei causa intérfici jussus es, et vix effugísti mortis impérium, et íterum sépelis mórtuos? Sed Tobías plus timens Deum quam regem, rapiébat córpora occisórum, et occultábat in domo sua, et médiis nóctibus sepeliébat ea. Cóntigit autem ut quadam die fatigátus a sepultúra, véniens in domum suam, jactásset se juxta paríetem, et obdormísset, et ex nido hirúndinum dormiénti illi cálida stércora incíderent super óculos ejus, fierétque cæcus. Hanc autem tentatiónem ídeo permísit Dóminus eveníre illi, ut pósteris darétur exémplum patiéntiæ ejus, sicut et sancti Job. Nam cum ab infántia</text>
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                <text>E0019 Leaf from a Vulgate Bible (Biblia Sacra Latina, Versio Vulgata)</text>
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                <text> Italy; Early 14th Century. Latin Text; Transitional Rotunda Script.&#13;
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At this period, the St. Jerome Bible was not transcribed as often as one would expect in the country of its origin and the very land which held the seat of the Roman Church. During the greater part of the 13th century, while the popes were greatly concerned with gaining political power, art was at a low ebb in Italy, and religious manuscripts were comparatively few and far inferior to the work of monastic scribes in Germany, France, and England. But with the great wealth accumulating in Italy during the 14th century through commerce and the Crusades, this country soon surpassed in richness as well as in numbers the manuscript output of all other nationalities.&#13;
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The rich black lettering of this manuscript is in the transitional rotunda script and is excecuted with skill and beauty. It is supplemented by initial letters in rich ultramarine blue and deep cinnabar (vermilion), which colors are reflected in the ornament of the romanesque capitals. All of these factors combine to indicate that the manuscript was executed in central Italy, possibly at Florence. &#13;
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The leaves from this bible provide us with clear insight into Otto Ege's selection method. All the Leaf 19s we have seen contain a large beautiful initial letter denoting the start of a new book of the Bible--thus we can expect that all of the rest of the specimens of Leaf 19 in the Ege portfolios are leaves that contain the ending of one Biblical book and the beginning of another, and we can assume that Ege chose them for the sake of the single large decorated initial. Apart from the arresting initial, the leaves contain red and blue ink scrollwork, with headers in alternating red and blue. Missing pieces of text (sometimes fairly lengthy ones) have attention drawn to them by being outlined in red.&#13;
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Text: 3 Esdras 9:14-56 and Jerome's prologue to Tobit (recto); Jerome's prologue and Tobit 1:1-2:13 (verso). Translation of the prologue is by Kevin P. Edgecomb.</text>
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                <text>&lt;em&gt;Fifty Original Leaves from Medieval Manuscripts&lt;/em&gt;</text>
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                <text>Early 14th century</text>
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                <text>Item in public domain.&amp;nbsp;Description provided by Dr. Fred Porcheddu-Engel via the Otto F. Ege digital collection. &lt;a href="http://ege.denison.edu/denison_leaf_19.php"&gt;http://ege.denison.edu/denison_leaf_19.php&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                <text>300 dpi JPEG; 23.5 x 17 cm</text>
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              <text>Recto Translation: &#13;
&#13;
[Psalms 21:26-30]&#13;
&#13;
26 With thee is my praise in a great church: I will pay my vows in the sight of them that fear him. 27 The poor shall eat and shall be filled: and they shall praise the Lord that seek him: their hearts shall live for ever and ever. 28 All the ends of the earth shall remember, and shall be converted to the Lord: And all the kindreds of the Gentiles shall adore in his sight. 29 For the kingdom is the Lord's; and he shall have dominion over the nations. 30 All the fat ones of the earth have eaten and have adored...&#13;
&#13;
Verso Translation: &#13;
&#13;
[Psalms 21:30-22:3]&#13;
&#13;
...all they that go down to the earth shall fall before him. 31 And to him my soul shall live: and my seed shall serve him. 32 There shall be declared to the Lord a generation to come: and the heavens shall shew forth his justice to a people that shall be born, which the Lord hath made.&#13;
&#13;
The Lord ruleth me: and I shall want nothing. 2 He hath set me in a place of pasture. He hath brought me up, on the water of refreshment: 3 he hath converted my soul. He hath led me on the paths of justice, for his own name's sake.&#13;
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              <text>Recto Transcription: Apud te laus mea in ecclésia magna; vota mea reddam in conspéctu timéntium eum.&#13;
Edent páuperes, et saturabúntur, et laudábunt Dóminum qui requírunt eum: vivent corda eórum in saeculum saeculi.&#13;
Reminiscéntur et converténtur ad Dóminum univérsi fines terræ;&#13;
Et adorábunt in conspéctu ejus univérsæ famíliæ géntium:&#13;
Quóniam Dómini est regnum, et ipse dominábitur géntium.&#13;
Manducavérunt et adoravérunt omnes pingues terræ; in conspéctu&#13;
&#13;
Verso Transcription: ejus cadent omnes qui descéndunt in terram.&#13;
Et ánima mea illi vivet; et semen meum sérviet ipsi.&#13;
Annuntiábitur Dómino generátio ventúra; et annuntiábunt cæli justítiam ejus pópulo qui nascétur, quem fecit Dóminus.&#13;
23 Dóminus regit me, et nihil mihi déerit: in loco páscuæ, ibi me collocávit.&#13;
Super aquam refectiónis educávit me; ánimam meam convértit.&#13;
Dedúxit me super sémitas justítiæ propter nomen suum.</text>
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                <text>E0020 Leaf from a Psalter (Psalterium)</text>
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                <text>Flanders; Middle 13th Century. Latin Text; Angular Gothic Script.&#13;
&#13;
Small Psalters of this period are comparatively rare, since Psalters were used primarily in the church services and not by the layman. Here, the letters and ornament still retain all the rigidity of the previous century and give no indication of the rounder type of letter or any beginning of the interest in nature that characterized the work of the scribes in France. The filigree decoration, as well as the line-finishing elements, show, however, more creative freedom than either the initial or the text letters. The small burnished gold letters display considerable skill on the part of the illuminator, for it is difficult to control small designs in the gesso used as a base for the raised gold leaf. &#13;
&#13;
The lining is in ink; the primary textual ink is dark brown, with decoration in red, coral, and two shades of blue. The initial letter of each psalm is illuminated, as are the first letters of every other verse, and the beginnings of the Psalms are marked with prominent Arabic numerals in ink. The discrepancy in numbering the Psalms is caused by varying textual divisions in the Hebrew and Greek versions.&#13;
&#13;
Text: Psalms 21:26-30 (recto) and 21:30-22:3 (verso).</text>
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                <text>Germany (Würzburg); Early 14th Century. Latin Text; Gothic Script; Transitional Early Gothic Notation.&#13;
&#13;
The Missal has been for many centuries one of the most important liturgical books of the Roman Catholic Church. It contains all the directions, in rubrics and texts, necessary for the performance of the mass throughout the year. The text frequently varied considerably according to locality. This particular manuscript was written by Benedictine monks for the Parochial School of St. John the Baptist in Würzburg shortly after 1300 A.D.&#13;
&#13;
The musical notation is the rare type which is a transition between the early neumes and the later Gothic or horseshoe nail notation. The "C" line of the staff is indicated by that letter, and the "F" simply by a diamond, an unusual method. The bold initial letters in red and blue are "built up" letters; first the outlines were made with a quill and then afterward the areas were colored with a brush. &#13;
&#13;
The vellum is supple and well-worn, and has darkened to a grayish tone. The text remains dark black, and there is an interesting variety of shades of red in the decoration and rubrication. Where the text contains Biblical passages the first letter of each verse is pricked in red. The page has been cropped, resulting in the loss of some marginal text, and folio numbering in Roman numerals in the upper margin may have been added after the cropping.&#13;
&#13;
Text: Not yet identified.</text>
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                <text>Item in public domain.&amp;nbsp;Description provided by Dr. Fred Porcheddu-Engel via the Otto F. Ege digital collection. &lt;a href="http://ege.denison.edu/denison_leaf_22.php"&gt;http://ege.denison.edu/denison_leaf_22.php&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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&#13;
In the middle of the 14th century many of the manuscripts show influences from other countries. Illuminators, scribes, and other craftsmen traveled from city to city and even from country to country. While the script of this leaf is almost certainly French, the initial letters and filigree decoration might easily be of Italian workmanship, and the greenish tone of the ink suggests English manufacture. The dorsal motif in the bar ornament is again decidedly French, and the lemon tone of the gold is a third indication of French origin. In England, the burnished gold elements are generally of an orange tint, due to the presence of an alloy; in Italy, they are a rosy color because the underlying gesso or plaster base was mixed with a red pigment. &#13;
&#13;
The gold on this leaf has an unusual foil appearance when compared to that of other leaves in the portfolio. The red and blue tracery escapes like stray hair into the upper and lower margins. Compare the decoration along the left of each column to that of Leaf 18, from a French breviary of a generation or two earlier.&#13;
&#13;
Text: Not yet identified.</text>
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                <text>Item in public domain.&amp;nbsp;Description provided by Dr. Fred Porcheddu-Engel via the Otto F. Ege digital collection. &lt;a href="http://ege.denison.edu/denison_leaf_23.php"&gt;http://ege.denison.edu/denison_leaf_23.php&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                  <text>Denison University Archives &amp; Special Collections holds 72 medieval manuscript leaves that date between **** and ****. Medieval is defined by the time period of ****-****. Manuscript is defined by the object being handwritten rather than printed.  A leaf is defined as being a single page out of a book, also sometimes called a folio.</text>
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              <text>Recto Transcription: [column A]&#13;
&#13;
Mariæ Virginis utero Verbum tuum, Angelo nuntiante, carnem suscipere voluisti: præsta supplicibus tuis: ut qui vere eam Genitricem Dei credimus, ejus apud te intercessionibus adjuvemur. Per Christum.&#13;
&#13;
De beato Stephano. Ant.&#13;
&#13;
Stephanus vadit celos apertos vidit et introivit beatus homo celi patebunt. V. Ora pro nobis beate prothomartir Stephane. R. Ut digni efficiamur permissionibus Christi. Oremus.&#13;
&#13;
Da nobis quesumus domine imitari quod colimus ut discamus et inimicos diligere quia eius commemorationem celebramus qui novit etiam pro persecutoribus suis exorare dominum nostrum iesum christum filium tuum.&#13;
&#13;
De beato Guillermo. A. Ecce sacerdos magnus. V. O beate Guillerme magna et merces tua. R. Intercede pro nobis ad dominum deum nostrum. Oremus.&#13;
&#13;
[column B]&#13;
&#13;
Exaudi quesumus domine preces nostras quas in sancti Guillermi confessoris tui atque pontificis, sollempnitate deferimus, et quia tibi dignemerunt famulari; eius intercedentibus meritis ab omnibus nos absolue peccatis. Per dominum.&#13;
&#13;
Pro reliquie sanctorum. A. Corpora sanctorum in pace sepulta sunt et uiuent nomina eorum in eternum. V. Mirabilis deus in sanctis suis. Oro.&#13;
&#13;
Propiciare quaesumus domine nobis famulis tuis per sanctorum tuorum quorum corpora uel reliqaue in persenti requiescunt ecclesia merita gloriosa: ut eorum pia intercessione ab omnibus semper protegamur aduersis. Per Christum.&#13;
&#13;
Mem. de omnibus sanctis. Ant.&#13;
&#13;
Ecce dominus ueniet et omnis sancti eius cum eo et erit in die illa lux magna. Alleluia. V. Letamini in domino et exultate iusti. R. Et gloriamini omnes recti corde. Oratio.&#13;
&#13;
Verso Transcription: &#13;
&#13;
[column A]&#13;
&#13;
Consciencias nostras quesumus domine visitando purifica ut veniens Dominus noster Jesus Christus filius tuus paratam sibi in nobis inveniat mansionem. Per eundem Christum.&#13;
&#13;
Pro pace. A. Veni domine visitare nos in pace: ut letëmur coram te corde perfecto. V. Fiat pax in virtute tua. R. Et [ ] in turribus tuis.&#13;
&#13;
Deus a quo sancta. Oro. Desideria. Et. c. Feria secunda.&#13;
&#13;
[3 lines of rubrication untranscribed.]&#13;
&#13;
Ecce concipies. Ps. Beati immaculati. Ps. Retribue. Ps. Quicumque vult.&#13;
&#13;
[6 lines of rubrication untranscribed.]&#13;
&#13;
Exurge domine adiuvia nos. Sicut est in psalterio. Kyriel. Christel. Kyriel. Afflictiones et orationes continentur. Ut s. Ad. iii.&#13;
&#13;
[column B]&#13;
&#13;
A. Angelus domini nunciavit marie et concepit de spiritu sancto. Alleluia. Ps. Legem pone. &amp; [ ]. In diebus illis salvabitur. R. Veni ad liberandum. V. Ostende faciem. Gloria patri. V. Timebunt gentes. Prostraciones sicut est in psalterio continentur. Oro. Excita qs. Domine. Ut s. Ad vi. A. Antequam convenirent inventa est maria habens in utero de spiritu sancto. Alleluia.&#13;
&#13;
Capitulum. Egredietur virga. R. Ostende nobis. V. Et salutare. Gloria patri. V. Memento. Prostratres ut s. Ad nonam. A. Beatam me dicent omnes genrationes [ ] ancillam humilem respexit deus. Psalmus. Mirabilia. Capitulum.&#13;
&#13;
Dominus legifer noster, Dominus rex noster, ipse salvabit nos. R. Super te Ierusalem. V. Et gloria eius. Gloria patri. V. Domine deus virtutum. Prostraciones Ad. us. A. Inclinavit. Ps. Dilexi qui. &amp; cum cap. In diebus illis salvabuntur. Hymnus&#13;
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                <text>E0024 Leaf from a Book of Hours (Horæ Beatæ Mariæ Virginis)</text>
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                <text>England (?); Middle 14th Century. Latin Text; Angular Gothic Script.&#13;
&#13;
This particular Book of Hours, a devotional prayer book for the layman, was made for the use of Sarum, the early name for Salisbury, England. This text was accepted throughout the province of Canterbury. The manuscript was written about the time Chaucer completed his Canterbury Tales, but evidently by a French monk, who might have been attached, as was often the case, to an English monastery. Again, the book could have been specially ordered and imported from abroad. The initial letter and the coloring and the treatment of the ivy are unmistakably French.&#13;
&#13;
The lettering is an excellent example of the then current book hand. There are seven lines of writing to an inch. The words written in red, a heavy color made from mercury and sulphur, show almost the same degree of delicacy as those written with the more fluid ink. &#13;
&#13;
This is a very early Book of Hours, and both its date and its contents set it apart from the typical Books of Hours from the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. It has many characteristics of a breviary.&#13;
&#13;
Text: From the services for Advent. Begins with a prayer to the Virgin, then into a commemoration of Saints Stephen and William, then the Relics of the Saints, then All Saints (recto); the verso continues prayers for All Saints, and includes text from Isaiah 33.</text>
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                <text>Item in public domain. Description provided by Dr. Fred Porcheddu-Engel via the Otto F. Ege digital collection. &lt;a href="http://ege.denison.edu/denison_leaf_24.php"&gt;http://ege.denison.edu/denison_leaf_24.php&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                <text>Denison University Leaf 24, &lt;em&gt;Fifty Original Leaves from Medieval Manuscripts&lt;/em&gt;</text>
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                  <text>Denison University Archives &amp; Special Collections holds 72 medieval manuscript leaves that date between **** and ****. Medieval is defined by the time period of ****-****. Manuscript is defined by the object being handwritten rather than printed.  A leaf is defined as being a single page out of a book, also sometimes called a folio.</text>
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              <text>Recto Transcription: &#13;
&#13;
eustes quant vostre dous filz reput. v. mile hommes de. v. pains dorge &amp; de. ii. poissons. Pechez li douce dame q'l veille mes v. cenz gouimer. Ave Maria.&#13;
&#13;
E tres douce dame pour icelle grant pitie que vous eustes quant vostre dous fis souffrit mort &amp; passion pour touz pecheurs et pour toutes pechercesses [ ] de la mort denfer. Douce dame priez li que la mort q'il souffrit me delivre de touz mes pechiez &amp; de la mort denfer. Amen. Ave Maria.&#13;
&#13;
Verso Transcription: &#13;
&#13;
E tres douce dame pour icelle grant joie que vous eustes au jour de pasques quant vostre dous fis resuscitata de mort a vie. Douce dame priez li qu'ie puisse resusciter au jour dou rugement pour le sauuement de mame. Amen. Ave Maria.&#13;
&#13;
E tres douce dame pour icelle grant joie que vous eustes au jour de lascension quant voustre dous fis monta es cieulz. Douce dame priez li que li taue ap's [ ] mon cuer a lu'y amer &amp; ser&#13;
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                <text>E0025 Leaf from a Book of Hours</text>
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            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text> France; Late 14th Century. Latin Text; Gothic Script.&#13;
&#13;
The Psalter with its one hundred and fifty psalms is the best collection of religious lyrics which the world possesses. It is no wonder, therefore, that it forms an important part of so many medieval manuscripts. The Psalms are found not only in manuscripts of the Bible, but also in Missals, Breviaries, and Books of Hours; and, as they had to be memorized by the priests, they were also transcribed separately. In the earlier periods there was generally a harmonious unity between the spirit of the ornament and the character of the writing. This unity is exemplified in this leaf. The three-lobed, gracefully drawn, symmetrical fronds of leaves in the ornament are usually accepted without question as representing the ivy plant. In the Middle Ages many magical and medicinal qualities were attributed to this plant.&#13;
&#13;
Unfortunately, fire and water, mice and men have in the course of the centuries often left their damaging marks on manuscript leaves. Some pages of this manuscript book show the effect of having been exposed to dampness. &#13;
&#13;
Some of the leaves from this manuscript contain text in French--this is one of only a few manuscripts in the Ege portfolio not entirely in Latin. Ege is incorrect in identifying this leaf as coming from a Psalter: it is clearly from a Book of Hours. The vellum is thick and dirty, and has been cut or torn across the top edge. The lining is done in ink, with the primary text in brown and blue, orange, and white in the decoration. There are large illuminated initials with painted blocks. In the left margin on both sides is a large gold and blue bar with pointed ivy, and the decoration bleeds through to the opposite side of the leaf.&#13;
&#13;
Text: The later (usually numbered as 11-14) of the 15 Joys of the Virgin, in Old French.&#13;
&#13;
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                <text>Item in public domain. Description provided by Dr. Fred Porcheddu-Engel via the Otto F. Ege digital collection. &lt;a href="http://ege.denison.edu/dension_leaf_25.php"&gt;http://ege.denison.edu/dension_leaf_25.php&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                <text>Reconstruction Note: In Ege's original manuscript, this leaf was separated by one leaf (not yet located) from what is now Leaf 25 in the Cleveland Public Library portfolio; the latter directly followed Leaf 25 in the Cincinnati Public Library portfolio. The three (four) leaves contain nearly all of the 15 Joys of the Virgin.</text>
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                <text>E0026 Leaf from a Missal (Missale)</text>
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                <text>France (Rouen); Late 14th Century. Latin Text; Angular Gothic Script.&#13;
&#13;
The fact that this Missal honors particular saints by its calendar and litany indicates that it was made by friars of the Franciscan order. This was established in 1209 by St. Francis. These wandering friars with their humility, love of nature and men, and their joyous religious ferver, soon became one of the largest orders in Europe.&#13;
&#13;
This leaf, with its well written, pointed characters and decorative initial letters, has lost some of its pristine beauty, doubtless through occasional exposure to dampness over a period of 600 years. The green tone of the ink is more frequently found in English manuscripts than in French. However, the ornament and miniature on the opening page of the manuscript definitely indicate that it is of French origin.&#13;
&#13;
 The dark slate-colored ink used for the text of this leaf has been worn away over the years, sometimes significantly; this, combined with the angularity of the script, makes reading it rather difficult. The decorations are few but are neatly done; even small decorated bars or letters are illuminated. A distinctive presence of color is achieved by red underlining, which is extensive in some places.&#13;
&#13;
Text: Not yet identified.</text>
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                <text>Late 14th century</text>
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                <text>Item in public domain.&amp;nbsp;Description provided by Dr. Fred Porcheddu-Engel via the Otto F. Ege digital collection. &lt;a href="http://ege.denison.edu/denison_leaf_26.php"&gt;http://ege.denison.edu/denison_leaf_26.php&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                <text>300 dpi JPEG; 29.5 x 21.5 cm</text>
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                <text>Latin</text>
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            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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                <text>Medieval manuscript leaf</text>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
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                <text>Denison University Leaf 26, &lt;em&gt;Fifty Original Leaves from Medieval Manuscripts&lt;/em&gt;</text>
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        <name>Ege, Otto F.</name>
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                  <text>Medieval Manuscript Leaves</text>
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                  <text>medieval manuscripts</text>
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                  <text>Denison University Archives &amp; Special Collections holds 72 medieval manuscript leaves that date between **** and ****. Medieval is defined by the time period of ****-****. Manuscript is defined by the object being handwritten rather than printed.  A leaf is defined as being a single page out of a book, also sometimes called a folio.</text>
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                <text>E0027 Leaf from an Antiphonal (Antiphonarium)</text>
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                <text>Antiphonal</text>
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                <text>Italy; Early 15th Century. Latin Text; Rotunda Gothic Script, Gregorian Notation.&#13;
&#13;
The chanting of hymns during ecclesiastical rites goes back to the beginning of Christian services. Antiphonal or responsive singing is said to have been introduced in the second century by St. Ignatius of Antioch. According to legend, he had a vision of a heavenly choir singing in honor of the Blessed Trinity in the responsive manner. Many of the more than four hundred antiphons which have survived the centuries are elaborate in their musical structure. They were sung in the medieval church by the first cantor and his assistants. Candle grease stains reveal that this small-sized antiphonal was doubtless carried in processions in dimly lighted cathedrals. In this example the notation is written on the four-line red staff which was in general use by the end of the 12th century. The script is the usual form of Italian rotunda with bold Lombardic initial letters.&#13;
&#13;
The chief visual interest is the four-line staves rendered in strong red ink; there are seven of these per recto or verso, and the Lombardic initials are sized to fit perfectly between them. The black ink used for the notes and the text is less substantial. The pages exhibit two forms of numbering: Roman numerals in the center of the top margin, and Arabic numerals in the upper right corner.&#13;
&#13;
Note: It is possible that Ege's manuscript contained components (individual leaves, bifolia, or gatherings) from diverse sources. Most of the Leaf 27s conform to the description above, but Leaf 27 in the Ohio State University and Rochester Institute of Technology portfolios are clearly different. (Porcheddu frag. 1 is a sister leaf to the Ohio State leaf). Either these leaves had been bound into Ege's antiphonal, or they were supplied for those portfolios from other sources without the substitution being noted.&#13;
&#13;
Text: Not yet identified.</text>
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                <text>&lt;em&gt;Fifty Original Leaves from Medieval Manuscripts&lt;/em&gt;</text>
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                <text>Early 15th century</text>
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            <name>Rights</name>
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                <text>Item in public domain.&amp;nbsp;Description provided by Dr. Fred Porcheddu-Engel via the Otto F. Ege digital collection. &lt;a href="http://ege.denison.edu/denison_leaf_27.php"&gt;http://ege.denison.edu/denison_leaf_27.php&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                <text>Denison University Leaf 27, &lt;em&gt;Fifty Original Leaves from Medieval Manuscripts&lt;/em&gt;</text>
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